The information—the news—we get from space is censored by the several layers of Earth’s atmosphere. In effect, our Earth is surrounded by a ceiling pierced by two skylights. A rather broad range of radio waves readily penetrates our atmosphere, as does a portion of infrared and most visible light, in addition to a small portion of ultraviolet. Astronomers speak of the atmosphere’s radio window and optical window, which allow passage of electromagnetic radiation of these types. To the rest of the spectrum—lower-frequency radio waves, some lower-frequency infrared, and, fortunately for us, most of the energetic ultraviolet rays, x-rays, and gamma rays—the atmosphere is opaque, an impenetrable ceiling.
In many ways, the partial opacity of our atmosphere is a very good thing, since it protects us from x-ray and gamma radiation. An atmosphere opaque to these wavelengths, but transparent to visible light and some infrared, is a big reason why life can survive at all on Earth.
For astronomers, however, there is a downside to the selective opacity of the earth’s atmosphere. Observations of ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma ray radiation cannot be made from the surface of the earth, but must be made by means of satellites, which are placed in orbit well above the atmosphere. No wonder that the advent of the space age has led to such an explosion in the amount of information that we have about the universe.
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